Avian Influenza FAQ

What is avian influenza?

Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects both domestic and wild birds. It's caused by influenza A viruses that are divided into various subtypes based on their genetic characteristics. While less common, avian influenza viruses have also been found in mammals, including humans.

How does avian influenza spread?

Avian influenza viruses are spread through direct contact with infected birds, their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. Wild waterfowl, particularly migratory birds, act as natural reservoirs of the virus, playing a significant role in spreading the disease across vast distances. They can transmit the virus to poultry and other bird species, contributing to outbreaks in different geographical regions.

What are the symptoms of avian influenza in birds?

Symptoms of avian influenza in birds vary depending on the virus strain and the species affected. Some common signs include:

• Ruffled feathers
• Reduced egg production
• Swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, wattles, and hocks
• Respiratory distress, such as coughing, sneezing, and gasping
• Diarrhea
• Sudden death
• Can avian influenza affect humans?
• While avian influenza viruses don't typically infect humans, sporadic cases have been reported, particularly among people who have close contact with infected birds. The risk of human infection remains low, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) are actively monitoring the situation.

What precautions can poultry farmers take to prevent avian influenza outbreaks?

Poultry farmers play a crucial role in preventing and controlling avian influenza. Key preventive measures include:

• Enhanced biosecurity: Restricting access to poultry houses, maintaining proper hygiene, and regularly disinfecting equipment and facilities.
• Preventing contact with wild birds: Using netting or other barriers to keep wild birds away from poultry flocks.
• Monitoring flock health: Regularly checking birds for any signs of illness and reporting any suspicious cases to veterinary authorities.
• Vaccination: Vaccinating poultry, when appropriate, as part of a comprehensive disease control strategy.

What measures are in place to control the spread of avian influenza?

The WOAH, in collaboration with national veterinary authorities and international organizations, implements several measures to control avian influenza, including:

• Surveillance and reporting: Monitoring and reporting avian influenza outbreaks worldwide through the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS).
• Control measures: Implementing control strategies like culling infected flocks, movement restrictions, and enhanced biosecurity measures to contain outbreaks.
• Research and development: Supporting research to understand the virus's evolution, develop effective vaccines and diagnostic tools, and improve control strategies.

Is it safe to eat poultry and dairy products during an avian influenza outbreak?

Yes, it is safe to eat properly handled and cooked poultry and pasteurized dairy products in the United States. Pasteurization effectively eliminates the avian influenza virus. However, it's essential to avoid consuming raw milk or products made with raw milk, as they may pose a risk of infection.

What is the role of the FDA in addressing avian influenza in dairy cattle?

The FDA, in collaboration with the USDA and CDC, is actively investigating the outbreak of HPAI in dairy cattle. The FDA's role includes:

• Monitoring milk safety: Conducting sampling and testing of retail dairy products to ensure the absence of viable HPAI virus.
• Research and validation: Funding research to validate the effectiveness of pasteurization in inactivating the virus in dairy products.
• Guidance and recommendations: Providing guidance to dairy producers and processors on preventive measures and safe handling practices.

Sources:

• https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/
• https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections
• https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/updates-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-hpai
• https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html
• https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/wild-birds